GRE之OG2阅读真题汇总

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GRE阅读真题之OG2

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Passage 6

The more definitions a given noun has, the more valuable is each one. nMultiple definitions, each subtly different from all the others, convey multiple nshades of meaning. They expand the uses of the word; language is enriched, nthought is widened, and interpretations increase or dilate to fill the npotentialities of association. The very impossibility of absoluteness in the ndefinition of certain nouns adds to the levels of connotation they may reach. nThe inner life of a writer often says more than most readers can know; the mind nof a reader can discover truths that go beyond the intent or perhaps even the ncomprehension of the writer. And all of it finds expression because a word can nmean many things.

1. In the context in which it appears, “shades” (line 2) most nearly nmeans

A. reminders

B. nuances

C. obscurities

D. coverings

E. degrees

2. The passage suggests that a writer’s use of nouns that have multiple ndefinitions can have which of the following effects on the relationship between nwriter and reader?

A. It can encourage the reader to consider how the writer’s life might have ninfluenced the work.

B. It can cause the reader to become frustrated with the writer’s failure nto distinguish between subtle shades of meaning.

C. It can allow the reader to discern in a work certain meanings that the nwriter did not foresee.

D. It allows the writer to provide the reader with clues beyond the word nitself in order to avoid ambiguity.

E. It allows the writer to present unfamiliar ideas to the reader more nefficiently.

GRE阅读真题之OG2

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Passage 7

Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what nis now the southwestern United States shaped the social history and culture of nthe region’s indigenous peoples. Building on this assumption, archaeologists nasserted that adverse environmental conditions and droughts were responsible for nthe disappearances and migrations of southwestern populations from many sites nthey once inhabited.

However, such deterministic arguments fail to acknowledge that local nenvironmental variability in the Southwest makes generalizing about that nenvironment difficult. To examine the relationship between environmental nvariation and sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region of central nArizona, which indigenous tribes have occupied continuously for at least 800 nyears, a research team recently reconstructed the climatic, vegetational, and nerosional cycles of past centuries. The researchers found it impossible to nprovide a single, generally applicable characterization of environmental nconditions for the region. Rather, they found that local areas experienced ndifferent patterns of rainfall, wind, and erosion, and that such conditions had nprevailed in the Southwest for the last 1,400 years. Rainfall, for example, nvaried within and between local valley systems, so that even adjacent nagricultural fields can produce significantly different yields.

The researchers characterized episodes of variation in southwestern nenvironments by frequency: low-frequency environmental processes occur in cycles nlonger than one human generation, which generally is considered to last about 25 nyears, and high-frequency processes have shorter cycles. The researchers pointed nout that low-frequency processes, such as fluctuations in stream flow and ngroundwater levels, would not usually be apparent to human populations. In ncontrast, high-frequency fluctuations such as seasonal temperature variations nare observable and somewhat predictable, so that groups could have adapted their nbehaviors accordingly. When the researchers compared sequences of sociocultural nchange in the Western Pueblo region with episodes of low- and high-frequency nenvironmental variation, however, they found no simple correlation between nenvironmental process and sociocultural change or persistence.

Although early Pueblo peoples did protect themselves against environmental nrisk and uncertainty, they responded variously on different occasions to similar npatterns of high-frequency climatic and environmental change. The researchers nidentified seven major adaptive responses, including increased mobility, nrelocation of permanent settlements, changes in subsistence foods, and reliance non trade with other groups. These findings suggest that groups’ adaptive choices ndepended on cultural and social as well as environmental factors and were nflexible strategies rather than uncomplicated reactions to environmental change. nEnvironmental conditions mattered, but they were rarely, if ever, sufficient to naccount for sociocultural persistence and change. Group size and composition, nculture, contact with other groups, and individual choices and actions were — nbarring catastrophes such as floods or earthquakes — more significant for a npopulation’s survival than were climate and environment.

1. The passage is primarily concerned with

A. explaining why certain research findings have created controversy

B. pointing out the flaws in a research methodology and suggesting a ndifferent approach

C. presenting evidence to challenge an explanation and offering an nalternative explanation

D. elucidating the means by which certain groups have adapted to their nenvironment

E. defending a long-held interpretation by presenting new research nfindings

2. Which of the following findings would most strongly support the nassertion made by the archaeologists mentioned in line 3?

A. A population remained in a certain region at least a century after nerosion wore away much of the topsoil that sustained grass for their grazing nanimals.

B. The range of a certain group’s agricultural activity increased over a ncentury of gradual decrease in annual rainfall.

C. As winters grew increasingly mild in a certain region, the nomadic nresidents of the region continued to move between their summer and winter nencampments.

D. An agricultural population began to trade for supplies of a grain ninstead of producing the grain in its own fields as it had in the past.

E. A half century of drought and falling groundwater levels caused a ncertain population to abandon their settlements along a riverbank.

3. The fact that “adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantly ndifferent yields” (lines 16–17) is offered as evidence of the

A. unpredictability of the climate and environment of the southwestern nUnited States

B. difficulty of producing a consistent food supply for a large population nin the Western Pueblo region

C. lack of water and land suitable for cultivation in central Arizona

D. local climatic variation in the environment of the southwestern United nStates

E. high-frequency environmental processes at work in the southwestern nUnited States

4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following nactivities is NOT an example of a population responding to high-frequency nenvironmental processes?

A. Developing watertight jars in which to collect and store water during nthe rainy season

B. Building multistory dwellings in low-lying areas to avoid the flash nflooding that occurs each summer

C. Moving a village because groundwater levels have changed over the last ngeneration

D. Trading with other groups for furs from which to make winter clothes

E. Moving one’s herds of grazing animals each year between summer and nwinter pastures

GRE阅读真题之OG2

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Passage 8

Arctic sea ice comes in two varieties. Seasonal ice forms in winter and nthen melts in summer, while perennial ice persists year-round. To the untrained neye, all sea ice looks similar, but by licking it, one can estimate how long a nparticular piece has been floating round. When ice begins to form in seawater, nit forces out salt, which has no place in the crystal structure. As the ice gets nthicker, the rejected salt collects in tiny pockets of brine too highly nconcentrated to freeze. A piece of first-year ice will taste salty. Eventually, nif the ice survives, these pockets of brine drain out through fine, veinlike nchannels, and the ice becomes fresher; multiyear ice can even be melted and ndrunk.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

1. The passage mentions which of the following as being a characteristic of nseasonal ice?

A. It is similar in appearance to perennial ice.

B. It is typically filled with fine, veinlike channels.

C. It tastes saltier than perennial ice.

2. In the context in which it appears, “fine” (line 7) most nearly nmeans

A. acceptable

B. elegant

C. precise

D. pure

E. small

GRE阅读真题之OG2

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Passage 9

Historians credit repeated locust invasions in the nineteenth century with nreshaping United States agriculture west of the Mississippi River. Admonished by ngovernment entomologists, farmers began to diversify. Wheat had come to nearly nmonopolize the region, but it was particularly vulnerable to the locusts. In n1873, just before the locusts’ most withering offensive, nearly two-thirds of nMinnesota farmland was producing wheat; by the invasions’ last year, that nfraction had dropped to less than one-sixth. Farmers learned that peas and beans nwere far less vulnerable to the insects, and corn was a more robust grain than nwheat. In addition to planting alternative crops, many farmers turned to dairy nand beef production. Although pastures were often damaged by the locusts, these nlands were almost always left in better shape than the crops were.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

1. According to the passage, before the recommendations by the government nentomologists, which of the following was true about farming west of the nMississippi River?

A. Farmers focused primarily on growing wheat.

B. Peas and beans had not yet been planted in the region.

C. A relatively small portion of farmland was devoted to crops other than nwheat.

2. In the context in which it appears, “robust” (line 8) most nearly nmeans

A. crude

B. demanding

C. productive

D. vigorous

E. rich

GRE阅读真题之OG2

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Passage 10

In 1998 the United States Department of Transportation received nearly n10,000 consumer complaints about airlines; in 1999 it received over 20,000. nMoreover, the number of complaints per 100,000 passengers also more than ndoubled. In both years the vast majority of complaints concerned flight delays, ncancellations, mishandled baggage, and customer service. Clearly, therefore, ndespite the United States airline industry’s serious efforts to improve nperformance in these areas, passenger dissatisfaction with airline service nincreased significantly in 1999.

1. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the nargument?

A. Although the percentage of flights that arrived on time dropped slightly noverall, from 77 percent in 1998 to 76 percent in 1999, some United States nairlines’ 1999 on-time rate was actually better than their 1998 on-time nrate.

B. The number of passengers flying on United States airlines was nsignificantly higher in 1999 than in 1998.

C. Fewer bags per 1,000 passengers flying on United States airlines were nlost or delayed in 1999 than in 1998.

D. The appearance in 1999 of many new Internet sites that relay complaints ndirectly to the Department of Transportation has made filing a complaint about nairlines much easier for consumers than ever before.

E. Although the number of consumer complaints increased for every major nUnited States airline in 1999, for some airlines the extent of the increase was nsubstantial, whereas for others it was extremely small.