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GRE阅读真题之OG

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Passage 15

At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no noxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of nreconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the noxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however, nthis explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on nEarth’s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was nbeing produced. Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface nmust have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.

1. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the nfollowing roles?

A. The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain nposition; the second is that position.

B. The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain nexplanation; the second is that explanation.

C. The first expresses the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the nposition it seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D. The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain nhypothesis; the second provides grounds for that position.

E. The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation nof the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents nthat position in a modified form.

GRE阅读真题之OG

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Passage 16

Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A nbird, by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other nimportant behaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise an nindividual’s location to rivals or predators and impair the ability to detect ntheir approach. Although these types of cost may be important, discussions of nthe cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall the evidence nis equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases in energy nconsumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of ncrowing on energy consumption in roosters.

To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas nexamined the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass nof male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or “body nreserves”; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring nchanges in body mass. If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should nlose more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nnightingales reached a significantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass novernight on nights when their song rate was high.

These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at night nassociated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessing higher nbody mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic nregulation of evening body reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nnightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build up larger body nreserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may also contribute to increased nloss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from the muscular and neural nactivity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For nexample, birds may expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if they nspend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a nsheltered roost site. Thomas’s data therefore show that whether or not singing nper se has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing ncan have an important measurable effect on a bird’s daily energy budget, at nleast in birds with high song rates such as nightingales.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare the different types of cost involved for certain birds in nsinging

B. question a hypothesis regarding the energy costs of singing for certain nbirds

C. present evidence suggesting that singing has an important energy cost nfor certain birds

D. discuss the benefits provided to an organism by a behavior that is ncostly in energy

E. describe an experiment that supports an alternative model of how nbirdsong functions

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

2. The passage implies that during the day before a night on which a male nnightingale’s song rate is high, that nightingale probably does which of the nfollowing?

A. Expends less of its reserves on thermoregulation than on other days

B. Stores more energy as body reserves than on other days

C. Hides to avoid predators

3. Select the sentence in the first or second paragraph that presents nempirical results in support of a hypothesis about the energy costs of nsinging.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that compared with other costs of nsinging, which of the following is true of the energy costs of singing?

A. They are the single greatest cost to an individual bird.

B. They have generally received more attention from scientists.

C. They vary less from one bird species to another.

GRE阅读真题之OG

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Passage 17

In the past ten years, there have been several improvements in nmountain-climbing equipment. These improvements have made the sport both safer nand more enjoyable for experienced climbers. Despite these improvements, nhowever, the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has doubled in the past ten nyears.

1. Which of the following, if true, best reconciles the apparent ndiscrepancy presented in the passage?

A. Many climbers, lulled into a false sense of security, use the new nequipment to attempt climbing feats of which they are not capable.

B. Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by unforeseeable weather nconditions.

C. Mountain climbing, although a dangerous sport, does not normally result nin injury to the experienced climber.

D. In the past ten years there have been improvements in mountain-climbing ntechniques as well as in mountain-climbing equipment.

E. Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has increased, the rate nof mountain-climbing deaths has not changed.

GRE阅读真题之OG

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Passage 18

The condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography nis confounding. Recent years have witnessed the posthumous inflation of the role nof the hobbyist Alice Austen into that of a pioneering documentarian while ndozens of notable senior figures—Marion Palfi, whose photographs of civil-rights nactivities in the South served as early evidence of the need for protective nlegislation, to name one— received scant attention from scholars. And, while nNaomi Rosenblum’s synoptic History of Women Photographers covers the subject nthrough 1920 in a generally useful fashion, once she reaches the 1920s, when the nvenues, forms, applications, and movements of the medium expanded exponentially, nshe resorts to an increasingly terse listing of un-familiar names, with napproaches and careers summarized in a sentence or two.

1. The author of the passage cites Rosenblum’s book most likely in order nto

A. suggest that the works documented most thoroughly by historians of women nin photography often do not warrant that attention

B. offer an explanation for the observation that not all aspects of the nhistory of women in photography have received the same level of attention

C. provide an example of a way in which scholarship on the history of women nin photography has been unsatisfactory

D. suggest that employing a strictly chronological approach when studying nthe history of women in photography may be unproductive

E. provide support for the notion that certain personalities in women’s nphotography have attained undue prominence

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

2. Which of the following statements about Marion Palfi is supported by the npassage?

A. Marion Palfi’s photographs would have received greater recognition from nhistorians had her work been done in an era when most aspects of photography nwere static rather than in a state of transition.

B. Alice Austen has achieved greater notoriety than has Marion Palfi nprimarily because the subjects that Austen photographed were more familiar to nher contemporaries.

C. In addition to providing a record of certain historical events, Marion nPalfi’s photographs played a role in subsequent events.

3. In the context in which it appears, “inflation” (line 2) most nearly nmeans

A. exaggeration

B. acquisition

C. evaluation

D. distortion

E. attenuation

GRE阅读真题之OG

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Passage 19

When marine organisms called phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb ncarbon dioxide dissolved in seawater, potentially causing a reduction in the nconcentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a gas that contributes to global nwarming. However, phytoplankton flourish only in surface waters where iron nlevels are sufficiently high. Martin therefore hypothesized that adding iron to niron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming. While nexperiments subsequently confirmed that such a procedure increases phytoplankton ngrowth, field tests have shown that such growth does not significantly lower natmospheric carbon dioxide. When phytoplankton utilize carbon dioxide for nphotosynthesis, the carbon becomes a building block for organic matter, but the ncarbon leaks back into the atmosphere when predators consume the phytoplankton nand respire carbon dioxide.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and nselect all that apply.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that Martin’s hypothesis includes nwhich of the following elements?

A. A correct understanding of how phytoplankton photosynthesis utilizes ncarbon dioxide

B. A correct prediction about how the addition of iron to iron-poor waters nwould affect phytoplankton growth

C. An incorrect prediction about how phytoplankton growth would affect the nconcentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions predators n(line 10) primarily in order to

A. help explain why Martin’s hypothesis is incorrect

B. identify one effect of adding iron to iron-poor waters

C. indicate how some carbon dioxide is converted to solid organic nmatter

D. help account for differences in the density of phytoplankton between ndifferent regions of the ocean

E. point out a factor that was not anticipated by the scientists who nconducted the field tests mentioned in the passage